Tree Report Terms Explained

Home inspectors sometimes note trees close to the house, and arborists' reports use terms of their own. In the Lehigh Valley, where many homes have large mature trees, these notes matter. Here's what common terms mean. The person who wrote your report is the best guide to it; a tree service or certified arborist can explain options and costs.

Structure

Codominant stems — Two trunks of similar size growing from one point, which can split. See cabling and bracing.

Included bark — Bark trapped in a tight V-shaped fork, a weak attachment.

Overextended limbs — Long, heavy limbs with most of their weight at the ends.

Lean — A tree growing at an angle. A sudden new lean is more concerning than an old one.

Health

Deadwood — Dead branches that can fall. See tree trimming and pruning.

Decay / cavity — Rot inside the trunk or limbs, often shown by fungus or hollow spots.

Crown dieback — Branches dying from the top or outside in, a sign of stress.

Ash decline (EAB) — Ash trees thinning or dying from emerald ash borer. See spotted lanternfly and ash trees.

Site and roots

Root damage — Roots cut by trenching, driveways or construction.

Grade change — Soil added or removed over roots, which can harm a tree years later.

Proximity to structure — Limbs over or touching the roof, or a trunk close to the foundation.

Risk ratings

• Low: monitor and prune as part of routine care.
• Moderate: pruning, cabling or further assessment recommended.
• High: act soon; removal or major work may be needed. See is my tree dangerous?

For inspectors and agents

You're welcome to link this page for clients. Related: choosing a tree service in Pennsylvania · tree health and pest checks